Module Description
This module explores the crucial role of energy storage in the energy transition. The lesson analyzes the need to decouple renewable energy production from demand, ensure grid stability, and decarbonize the transport sector. It details various storage technologies (battery systems, hydrogen, and supercapacitors), highlighting their specific limitations and strengths regarding power dynamics and energy density. The core of the module focuses on Energy Management Systems (EMS) for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS), critically comparing Rule-Based (RB), Optimization-Based (OB), and Learning-Based (LB) strategies. Finally, theoretical concepts are applied to real-world case studies—including advanced energy management for the conversion of a hybrid train and day-ahead strategies to mitigate grid imbalance risks—demonstrating how tailored control logic is essential to maximize efficiency, reduce component degradation, and lower operational and capital costs.
Learning Outcomes
- Understand the necessity of storage for the energy transition, microgrid stabilization, and the decarbonization of the transport sector.
- Identify the specific strengths and limitations of batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, and supercapacitors based on their energy density and dynamic response capabilities.
- Distinguish the characteristics, advantages, and trade-offs of different management algorithms, evaluating their performance, computational cost, flexibility, and ease of implementation.
- Understand the technical alignment required between final application constraints, the physical characteristics of the storage system, and the chosen control logic.


















